ABSTRACT
Over 650 million people globally are at risk of infection with Schistosomiasis, with more than 200 million people infected, and higher disease rates occur in children. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the Molecular diagnostic method with different diagnostic methods (urine filtration, haematuria ultrasound). Methods: Eighty three students of Quran School for boys in Radwan village, Gezira state were recruited. The mean age was 12.45±3.2 with a range between 6-20 years. Urine samples were collected. Different diagnostic methods were used. DNA was extracted from the eggs. Polymerase Chain Reaction was done for all samples. Results: Fifty-four percent of the cases were positive with urine filtration method, of whom microhaematuria was seen in 28%, while 61.4% were positive by ultrasound. Using polymerase chain reaction 73.3% of the samples were positive for Schistosoma haematobium. The comparison between the different diagnostic methods and gold standard urine filtration techniques showed that haematuria had a sensitivity of 42.2% and specificity of 89.4% with a significant association, (P<0.05). No, significant difference was found with ultrasound (P>0.05) which had a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 50%, while PCR showed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 60.5%, showing a significant association between PCR and filtration techniques. Conclusion: The study concluded that PCR was 100% sensitivite, while microhaematuria method was highly specific 89%. Ultrasound had alower specificity as compared with other diagnostic tests. It is recommended that different diagnostic techniques should be applied according to the situation of the disease.
ABSTRACT
The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is steadily increasing worldwide. According to the Globocan 2008, NHL is ranked as the 12th most common cancer worldwide and the 4th most common cancer in Sudan. Sudan is endemic with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the association between NHL and HBV infection in Sudanese patients, Gezira State. Methods: This was cross sectional case-control study was conducted at the, National Cancer Institute (NCI) University of Gezira, during the period from 2007 to 2008. A total of 81 non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients and 95 hospitals based controlled of matched age and sex, were included in the study. All patients and control had their serum screened for the presence of HBsAg by ELISA and HBV DNA was tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS16.0) was used for all statistical analyses, and test of significance. Results: The mean age of NHL patients was 37.9±23.6 years with a range (1-85 years). Male to female ratio was 1.9 to 1. There were different types of NHL in this study with the majority being B-cell lymphoma 70.4% (57/81), 49.38% (40/81 ) were positive by PCR, while controls 20/95 (21.05%) with significant difference between cases and controls (P<0.05). There was a significant association between B-cell subtype and HBV by both serological and molecular methods (OR= 6.5 95% CI: 1.3 - 32.5) and (OR= 3.6 95% CI: 0.8 – 07.4). Conclusion: This study concludes that there is a significant association between HBV and the development of NHL in Sudanese patients in Gezira State the finding provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that HBV infection may have an association with the development of NHL patients.